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Coel (Coilus) Ap Cyllin was born about 112 in Siluria, Wales. He died.

Isolda of the Iceni was born about 045 in North Britain. She died.

Cunobelin Cymbeline ("King of Britain") Trimobantes King of Britain was born in 015 BCE in Verulamium (Hertfordshire), Britain. He died in 041, at age ~56, in Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex), Britain.

Cunobelinus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Cunobelinus (also written Kynobellinus, Cunobelin) (late 1st century BCE - 40s CE) was a historical king of the Catuvellauni tribe of pre-Roman Britain. He also appears in British legend as Cymbelineor Kymbeline (inspiration for William Shakespeare's tragedy, Cymbeline), and in Welsh, Kynvelyn or Cynfelyn. His name means "hound of (the god) Belenus" or "shining hound".

History
Cunobelinus's name is known from passing mentions by classical historians Suetonius and Dio Cassius, but most of what we know of his life can only be pieced together from numismatic evidence.

He appears to have taken power in or around 9 AD from his father, Tasciovanus, who had conquered the neighbouring Trinovantes. The combined kingdom was ruled from the former Trinovantian capital, Camulodunum (Colchester), also some coins continued to be minted from Tasciovanus's former capital, Verulamium (St Albans).

He had three notable sons, Adminius, Togodumnus and Caratacus, and a brother, Epaticcus.

Epaticcus expanded his influence into the territory of the Atrebates in the early 20s AD, taking the Atrebatan capital Calleva (Silchester) by about 25. He continued to expand his territory until hisdeath in about 35, when his nephew Caratacus took over from him and the Atrebates recovered some of their territory.

Adminius, judging by his coins, had control of Kent by this time. Suetonius tells us that in ca. 40 he was banished from Britain by his father and sought refuge with the Roman emperor Caligula; Caligula treated this as if the entire island had submitted to him. Other historians tells us that Caligula prepared an invasion of Britain, but abandoned it in farcical circumstances, ordering his soldiersto attack the waves and gather seashells as the spoils of victory.

Cunobelinus died some time before 43. Caratacus completed the conquest of the Atrebates, and their king, Verica, fled to Rome, providing the new emperor, Claudius, with a pretext for the conquest of Britain. Caratacus and Togodumnus led the initial resistance to the invasion.

Legend
Cymbeline was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was the son of King Tenvantius.

Geoffrey writes in his Historia Regum Britanniae that Cymbeline was a powerful warrior raised in the courts of Emperor Augustus and his country was equipped with Roman weapons. It continues further stating that Cymbeline was very friendly with the Roman court and all tributes to Rome were paid out of respect, not out of requirement. He had two sons, Guiderius, who succeeded him, and Arvirargus.

A genealogy preserved in the medieval Welsh manuscript Harleian 3859 contains three generations which read "Caratauc map Cinbelin map Teuhant". This is the equivalent of "Caratacus, son of Cunobelinus, son of Tasciovanus", putting the three historical figures in the correct order, although the wrong historical context, the degree of linguistic change suggesting a long period of oral transmission.The remainder of the genealogy contains the names of a sequence of Roman emperors, and two Welsh mythological figures, Guidgen (Gwydion) and Lou (Llew).

Cunobelin's name lives on in England today. The group of villages in Buckinghamshire called the Kimbles are named after him.

Caradoc ("King of the Catuvellauni") Coilus King of the Catuvellauni was born about 012 in Verulamium (Hertfordshire), Britain. He died after 050 in Rome, Italy.

Caratacus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Caratacus (also spelled Caractacus) was a historical British chieftain of the Catuvellauni tribe, who led the British resistance to the Roman conquest. He may correspond with the legendary Welsh character Caradog (also written Caradoc, Caradawg) and the legendary British king Arvirargus.

History
Caratacus is named by Dio Cassius as a son of the Catuvellaunian king Cunobelinus (the inspiration for William Shakespeare's Cymbeline). Based on coin distribution Caratacus appears to have been the protegé of his uncle Epaticcus, who expanded Catuvellaunian power westwards into the territory of the Atrebates. After Epaticcus died ca. 35 AD, the Atrebates, under Verica, regained some of their territory, but it appears Caratacus completed the conquest, as Dio tells us Verica was ousted, fled to Rome and appealed to the emperor Claudius for help. This was the excuse Claudius used to launch his invasion of Britain in 43.

Cunobelinus had died some time before the invasion. Caratacus and his brother Togodumnus led the initial defence of the country against Aulus Plautius's legions, primarily using guerilla tactics, butwere defeated in two crucial battles on the rivers Medway (see Battle of Medway) and Thames. Togodumnus was killed and the Catuvellauni's territories conquered, but Caratacus survived and carried on the resistance further west.

We next hear of Caratacus in Tacitus's Annals, leading the Silures and Ordovices in what is now Wales against Plautius's successor as governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula. Finally, in 51, Scapula managed to defeat Caratacus in a set-piece battle somewhere in Ordivician territory (see the Battle of Caer Caradock), capturing Caratacus's wife and daughter and receiving the surrender of his brothers. Caratacus himself escaped, and fled north to the lands of the Brigantes. The Brigantian queen, Cartimandua, however, was loyal to Rome, and she handed him over in chains. This was one of the events thatled to an eventual Brigantian uprising against Cartimandua, and then the Romans, from 69-71AD led by Venutius, who had once been Cartimandua's husband.

Legend places Caratacus' last stand at British Camp in the Malvern Hills, but the description of Tacitus makes this unlikely:

Caracticus played his final card and chose a site for a battle so that the approaches, the escape routes, everything, was awkward for us and to his side's advantage. On one side there were steep hills. Wherever approaches were gentle he piled boulders into a sort of rampart. In front of him flowed a river of doubtful fordability and squadrons of armed men were in position on the defences.
Although the Severn is visible from British Camp, it is nowhere near it, so this battle must have taken place elsewhere.

After his capture, Caratacus was sent to Rome as a war prize, presumably to be killed after a triumphal parade. Although a captive, he was allowed to speak to the Roman senate. Tacitus records a version of his speech in which he says that his stubborn resistance made Rome's glory in defeating him all the greater, viz;

Had my moderation in prosperity been equal to my noble birth and fortune, I should have entered this city as your friend rather than as your captive; and you would not have disdained to receive, undera treaty of peace, a king descended from illustrious ancestors and ruling many nations. My present lot is as glorious to you as it is degrading to myself. I had men and horses, arms and wealth. Whatwonder if I parted with them reluctantly? If you Romans choose to lord it over the world, does it follow that the world is to accept slavery? Were I to have been at once delivered up as a prisoner, neither my fall nor your triumph would have become famous. My punishment would be followed by oblivion, whereas, if you save my life, I shall be an everlasting memorial of your clemency.
He made such an impression that he was pardoned and allowed to live in peace in Rome. After his liberation, according to Dio Cassius, Caratacus was so impressed by the city of Rome that he said "Why do you, who possess so many palaces, covet our poor tents?"

Caratacus's name
Older translations of Tacitus tend to favour the spelling "Caractacus", but modern scholars agree, based on historical linguistics and source criticism, that the correct form is "Caratacus", pronounced "ka-ra-TAH-kus", which gives the attested names Caradog in Welsh and Carthach in Irish.

British legend
Caratacus's name survived in British legend as Caradawg, Cradawg or Caradog, although his true historical context appears to have been forgotten. He appears in the Mabinogion, where he is named as a son of Bran the Blessed. He is left in charge of Britain while his father makes war in Ireland, but is overthrown by Caswallawn (the historical Cassivellaunus, who lived a century earlier than Caratacus). The Welsh Triads agree that he was the son of Bran the Blessed and name two sons, Cawrdaf and Eudaf. A later collection of Triads compiled by the 18th century Welsh antiquarian Iolo Morganwg, theauthenticity of which is doubtful, adds that Caradawg's father Bran was held hostage by the Romans for seven years, and brought Christianity to Britain on his return. Iolo also makes the legendary king Coel a son of Caradawg's son Cyllen. Caradawg's line is traced through Bran to Aedd Mawr, giving him claim to the throne of Siluria (Monmouthshire).

A genealogy of Lot, king of Lothian, Orkney, and Norway in Arthurian legend, appears in the medieval manuscript known as Harleian MS 3859. Three generations of his line read "Caratauc map Cinbelin mapTeuhant". This is the equivalent of "Caratacus, son of Cunobelinus, son of Tasciovanus", putting the three historical figures in the correct order, although the wrong historical context, the degree of linguistic change suggesting a long period of oral transmission. This is particularly interesting as Tasciovanus's name does not appear in any surviving classical text or legendary tale, and has only been rediscovered in the 20th century through coin legends. The remainder of the genealogy contains the names of a sequence of Roman emperors, and two Welsh mythological figures, Guidgen (Gwydion) and Lou (Llew).

Caratacus does not appear in Geoffrey of Monmouth's Historia Regum Britanniae, although he may correspond to Arvirargus, a son of Cymbeline (Gweirydd, son of Cynfelyn, in Welsh versions).

Caratacus and Christianity
Caratacus is described as a "barbarian Christian" in Dio Cassius's Roman History (Epitome of Book LXI, 33:3c [1], Earnest Cary's translation for the Loeb Classical Library, 1914-1927). This is a fragment of a lost passage of Dio, preserved in two variant versions in the 6th century Excerpta Vaticana and by the 12th century chronicler Joannes Zonaras, both Christian documents which may not accurately reflect Dio's original. It should be noted that Herbert Baldwin Foster's 1904 translation [2] reads "Carnetacus, a barbarian chieftain".

A theory popularised in The Drama of the Lost Disciples, a 1961 book by the British Israelite pseudohistorian George Jowett, claims that he was a Christian before he came to Rome, and members of his family who were brought to Rome with him became important figures in the early Christian movement.

The theory centres on Claudia Rufina, a historical British woman known to the poet Martial (Epigrams XI:53). Jowett identifies her as a daughter of Caratacus, and with the the Claudia mentioned in 2 Timothy in the New Testament. Martial describes Claudia's marriage to a man named Pudens (Epigrams IV:13), in all likelihood his friend Aulus Pudens, to whom he addresses numerous poems; Jowett's theory identifies him with St. Pudens, an early Christian saint whom he claims was the half-brother of St. Paul. The historical Pope Linus is claimed to be Caratacus's son on the basis of being described as the "brother of Claudia" in an early church document. The basilica of Santa Pudenziana in Rome was supposedly once called the Palatium Britannicum and was the home of Caratacus and his family.

However, Jowett's book is a pious fraud based on the deliberate distortion of sources and cannot be relied upon.

Julia of the Iceni was born about 050 in North Britain. She died.

("King of Iceni") Prasutagus King of Iceni was born about 010 in North Britain (Norfolk.) He died in 061, at age ~51.

Prasutagus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Prasutagus was king of a British Celtic tribe called the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk, in the 1st century AD. His wife was Boudicca.

Prasutagus may have been installed as a pro-Roman ruler following the defeat of a rebellion of the Iceni in 47. As an ally of the Rome his tribe were allowed to remain nominally independent, and to ensure this Prasutagus named the Roman emperor as co-heir to his kingdom, along with his two daughters. When he died, in 60 or shortly before, the Romans ignored his will and took over, depriving the nobles of their lands and plundering the kingdom. Roman financiers called in their loans. Boudicca was flogged and their daughters raped. All this led to the revolt of the Iceni, under the leadership ofBoudicca, in 60 or 61.

("Queen of Iceni") Boudicca Queen of Iceni was born about 020 in North Britain (Norfolk.) She died in 062, at age ~42, in Rome, Italy.

Boudicca
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Boudicca (bu-dik'?) (also written Boudica, Boadicea, Buduica, Bonduca) (A.D 26?- 61?) was a female chieftain in the British Isles who led the Iceni and a number of other British tribes, including theneighbouring Trinovantes, in a major uprising against the occupying Roman forces in Britain in 60 or 61 AD during the reign of the emperor Nero. These events are told by two historians, Tacitus (in his Annals and Agricola) and Dio Cassius (in his Roman History).

History
Boudicca's husband, Prasutagus, was king of the Iceni, who inhabited roughly what is now Norfolk. The Iceni were not at this stage part of the territory under direct Roman control, having voluntarilyallied themselves to Rome following Claudius's conquest of 43. They were jealous of their independence, and had revolted once before in 47 when the then governor, Publius Ostorius Scapula, threatenedto disarm them. It is possible that Prasutagus was installed as a pro-Roman ruler following the suppression of this uprising. He lived a long life of conspicuous wealth, and, hoping to preserve his line, made the Roman emperor co-heir to his kingdom, along with his two daughters.

It was normal Roman practice to allow allied kingdoms their independence only for the lifetime of their client king, who would agree to leave his kingdom to Rome in his will: the provinces of Bithyniaand Galatia, for example, were incorporated into the Empire in just this way. Roman law also allowed inheritance only through the male line. So when Prasutagus died his attempts to preserve his linewere ignored and his kingdom was annexed, arrogantly and high-handedly, as if it had been conquered. Lands and property were confiscated and nobles treated like slaves. According to Tacitus, Boudiccawas flogged and her daughters raped. Dio Cassius says that Roman financiers, including Seneca the Younger, chose this point to call in their loans. Tacitus does not mention this, but does single out the procurator, Catus Decianus, for criticism for his "avarice". Prasutagus, it seems, had lived well on borrowed Roman money, and on his death his subjects had become liable for the debt.

In 60 or 61, while the current governor, Gaius Suetonius Paulinus, led a campaign against the druids on the island of Anglesey in north Wales, the Iceni rebelled, along with their neighbours the Trinovantes, under Boudicca's leadership. Their first target was Camulodunum (Colchester), the former Trinovantian capital and now a Roman colonia. The Roman veterans who had been settled there mistreatedthe locals, and a temple to the former emperor Claudius had been erected there at local expense, making the city a focus for resentment. The city was poorly defended and the rebels destroyed it, besieging the last defenders in the temple for two days before it fell. The future governor Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding the Legio IX Hispana, attempted to relieve the city, but his forces were routed.

When news of the rebellion reached him, Suetonius hurried along Watling Street through hostile territory to Londinium (London). Londinium was a relatively new town, founded after the conquest of 43, but had grown to be a thriving commercial centre with a population of travellers, traders, and probably Roman officials. The procurator, Catus Decianus, likely had his office there. Suetonius considered giving battle there, but considering his lack of numbers and chastened by Petilius's defeat, decided to sacrifice the city to save the province. Londinium was abandoned to the rebels, who burnt it down (archaeology shows a thick layer of burnt debris covering coins and pottery dating before 60), slaughtering anyone who had not evacuated with Suetonius. Verulamium (St Albans) was next to be destroyed. In the three cities destroyed, between seventy and eighty thousand people are said to have been killed.

Suetonius regrouped with the XIV Gemina, some vexillationes (detachments) of the XX Valeria Victrix, and any available auxiliaries. The prefect of Legio II Augusta, Poenius Postumus, ignored the call,but nonetheless the governor was able to call on almost ten thousand men. He took a stand at an unidentified location, probably in the West Midlands somewhere along Watling Street, in a defile with awood behind him. They were greatly outnumbered by the British rebels (who were 230,000 strong by now according to Dio Cassius) but superior Roman tactics and training won the day at the Battle of Watling Street. The Britons attempted to flee, but were impeded by the presence of their own families, whom they had stationed in a ring of wagons at the edge of the battlefield, and were slaughtered. (The German king Ariovistus is reported to have made the same mistake in Julius Caesar's Gallic Wars). Tacitus reports that "according to one report almost eighty thousand Britons fell" compared with only four hundred Romans. Boudicca, according to Tacitus, poisoned herself; Dio Cassius says she fell sick and died, and was given a lavish burial.

The site of Boudicca's defeat is unknown. According to London legend it was at Kings Cross in London (a nearby street is named Battle Bridge Road), and that Boudicca herself is buried under one of theplatforms at Kings Cross Station (different sources list platforms eight, nine or ten as her supposed resting place) but this is unlikely. Manduessedum near the modern day town of Atherstone in Warwickshire has been suggested.

Postumus, on hearing of the Roman victory, fell on his sword. Catus Decianus fled to Gaul and was replaced as procurator by Gaius Julius Alpinus Classicianus. Suetonius conducted punitive operations,but criticism by Classicianus led to an investigation headed by Nero's freedman Polyclitus, and Suetonius was removed as governor, to be replaced by Publius Petronius Turpilianus.

Historical sources
Tacitus, the most important Roman historian of this period, took a particular interest in Britain as Gnaeus Julius Agricola, his father-in-law and the subject of his first book, served there three times. He was a military tribune under Suetonius Paulinus, which almost certainly gave Tacitus an eyewitness source for Boudicca's revolt.

Dio Cassius's sources are less certain. He is generally agreed to have based his account on that of Tacitus, but he simplifies the sequence of events and adds details, such as the calling in of loans,that Tacitus does not mention. He says of Boudicca:

"Boudicca was tall, terrible to look on and gifted with a powerful voice. A flood of bright red hair ran down to her knees; she wore a golden necklet made up of ornate pieces, a multi-coloured robe and over it a thick cloak held together by a brooch. She took up a long spear to cause dread in all who set eyes on her."
He reports that she committed all sorts of atrocities in the name of a goddess called Andraste, who he claims is the British equivalent of Victoria, the Roman goddess of victory. Boudicca's own name means "victory".

It is generally thought that Gildas, in his 6th century polemic De Excidio Britanniae, alludes to Boudicca in his typically oblique fashion as a "treacherous lioness", although his general lack of knowledge about the real history of the Roman conquest of Britain makes this far from certain.

Boudicca or Boadicea?
Until relatively recently Boudicca was better known as Boadicea, a name which probably derives from a mistranscription when a manuscript of Tacitus was copied in the Middle Ages. Her name takes many forms in various manuscripts, but was almost certainly originally Boudicca or Boudica, derived from the Celtic word *bouda, victory (cf. Irish bua, Welsh buddug). The name is attested in inscriptions as "Boudica" in Lusitania, "Boudiga" in Bordeaux and "Bodicca" in Britain. [1]

Cultural impact

History and literature
By the Middle Ages Boudicca was forgotten. She makes no appearance in Bede, the Historia Brittonum, the Mabinogion or Geoffrey of Monmouth's History of the Kings of Britain. But the rediscovery of theworks of Tacitus and Dio Cassius allowed Polydore Virgil to reintroduce her into British history in 1534. However he misinterpreted the "Voadicea" he found in Tacitus and the "Bunduica" in Dio Cassius as two separate women.

Boudicca's story was included in Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles and inspired Shakespeare's younger contemporaries Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher to write a play, Bonduca, in 1610. The poet WilliamCowper wrote a popular poem, Boadicea, an ode, in 1782.

It was in the Victorian era that Boudicca's fame took on legendary proportions. Queen Victoria was seen as her "namesake". Victoria's Poet Laureate, Alfred, Lord Tennyson, wrote a poem, Boadicea. A great bronze statue of Boudicca in her war chariot (furnished with scythes after Persian fashion), together with her daughters, was commissioned by Prince Albert and executed by Thomas Thornycroft. It was completed in 1905 and stands next to Westminster Bridge and the Houses of Parliament. Ironically, the great anti-imperialist rebel was now identified with the head of the British Empire.

Rosemary Sutcliff wrote Song for a Dark Queen, a historical novel for children, in 1979 based on Boudicca's life.

Joyce Doré wrote Hemlock, (ISBN 1898030197), a fictional account of the life of Boudicca published in 2002, in which she suggests that Boudicca and her two daughters were taken to Rome, before Nero, who made her drink hemlock. She cursed him as she died. Popular myth suggests that Suetonius handed Boudicca over to the Druids, but that is unlikely.

An obscure and indirect reference to Boudicca is made by J. K. Rowling in the Harry Potter series of books. In the stories, the Hogwarts Express train?used by students to get to the school?is boardedat Platform "Nine-and-three quarters" at King's Cross Station in London. Rowling based this location on the legend that the body of Boudicca is buried under platform ten.

Manda Scott has written a series of novels based on Boudicca, beginning with Dreaming the Eagle and continuing with Dreaming the Bull, Dreaming the Hound and the forthcoming Dreaming the Serpent Spears. In 1984, Judy Grahn, in her book Another Mother Tongue, claimed that Boudicca was the origin of the present day English word "bull dyke" (a vulgar term for a lesbian); this is thought to be dubious. In the 1990s, DC Comics' Green Lantern Corps was shown to include a member named "Boodikka", portrayed as a fierce female warrior.

Films and television
Boudicca has been the subject of two feature films, 1928's Boadicea [2], starring Phyllis Nielson-Terry, and 2003's Boudica [3], a TV film written by Andrew Davies and starring Alex Kingston. A British TV series, Warrior Queen, was made by Thames Television in 1978 starring Sian Phillips as Boudicca and Nigel Hawthorne as Catus Decianus.

A new film is planned for release in 2006 entitled Warrior [4], written by Brian Klugman and Lee Sternthal, directed by Gavin O'Connor, and produced by Mel Gibson.

Music
The Irish singer/songwriter Enya produced a song called "Boadicea" on her 1992 album The Celts. This track was most famously sampled by the rap group The Fugees for their single "Ready or Not" (from 1996's The Score), and most recently by Mario Winans (featuring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs) on his song "I Don't Wanna Know" (2004). The track was also used in the soundtrack of the film Sleepwalkers.

Scottish singer/songwriter Steve McDonald composed a biographical song called "Boadicea" on his 1997 album Stone of Destiny, detailing her life and tragic death. [5]

British rock band The Libertines refer to "Queen Boadicea" in their song "The Good Old Days", indicating a belief that her spirit still lives on in Britons today. [6]

The British metal band Bal-Sagoth have written a song entitled "Blood Slakes the Sand at the Circus Maximus" (found on the band's album Battle Magic) which featured an Iceni Warrior of Boudicca's uprising being captured and brought back to Rome. [7].

Mandubratius Ap Llud was born about 020 BCE in Siluria. He died.

Aviragus ("King of Britain") Gwenivyth King of Britain was born about 016 in Verulamium (Hertfordshire), Britain. He died in 074, at age ~58, in Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex), Britain.

Arvirargus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
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Arvirargus was a legendary king of the Britons as accounted by Geoffrey of Monmouth. He was the son of King Cymbeline and succeeded his brother, King Guiderius fighting against the Romans under the command of Emperor Claudius. It is very possible, considering the similarities, that Arvirargus is the same person as Caratacus, also listed as a son of Cymbeline.

Following his older brother's death, Arvirargus took the armour of Guiderius and led the army of the Britons against the Romans. When he learned that Claudius and his commander, Hamo, had fled into the woods, Arvirargus followed him until they reached the coast. The Britons killed Hamo as he was trying to flee onto a ship and the place was named Southampton since that day. Claudius was able to reassemble his troops elsewhere and he besieged Portchester until it fell to his forces.

Following Hamo's death, Arvirargus sought refuge at Winchester but Claudius followed him there with his army. Following a siege, the Britons fled the city and attacked the Romans but Claudius halted the attack in exchange for a treaty. In exchange for peace and tribute with Rome, Claudius offered Arvirargus his own daughter in marriage. They accepted each other's terms and Arvirargus aided Claudius in subduing the Orkneys and other northern lands.

In the following spring, Arvirargus wed Claudius's daughter, Genvissa, and named the city of Gloucester after her. Following the wedding, Claudius left Britain in the control of Arvirargus. In the years following Claudius' departure, Arvirargus rebuilt the cities that had been ruined and became feared by his neighbours. This caused him to halt his tribute to Rome forcing Claudius to send Vespasianwith an army to Britain. As Vespasian prepared to land, such a large Briton force stood ready that he fled to another port, Totnes, where he set up camp.

Once a base was established, he marched to Exeter and besieged the city. Arvirargus met him in battle there and the fight was stalemated. The following morning, Queen Genvissa mediated peace between the two foes. Vespasian returned to Rome and Arvirargus ruled the country peacefully for some years. When he finally died, he was buried in Gloucester, the city he had built with Claudius. He was succeeded by his son, Marius.

According to Hardynge's Chronicle (AD 1378-1465), Arviragus was asked to meet with Joseph of Arimathea and company upon their arrival at Glastonbury. Moreover, according to they Domesday Survey Arviragus is recorded as having granted Joseph and his followers (as Judean refugees - "Quidam advanae-Culdich" which means roughly "certain Culdee strangers") twelve hides of land tax free, in Ynis-witrinor the Isle of Avalon. The Domesday Book also indicates that;

The Domus Dei, in the great monastery of Glastonbury, called the Secret of the Lord, this Glasonbury Church possesses, in its own villa XII hides of land which have never paid tax
William Malmsebury, wrote in 1126 C.E. that;

In the year of our Lord, 63, twelve holy missionaries, with Joseph of Arimathea (who had buried the Lord) at their head, came over to Britain, preaching the Incarnation of Jesus Christ. The king (Arviragus) of the country and his subjects refused initially to become proselytes to his teaching, but in consideration that they had come a long journey, and being pleased with their soberness of life and unexceptional behaviour, the king, at their petition, gave them for their habitation a certain island bordering on his region, covered with trees and bramble bushes and surrounded by marshes, calledYnis-wytrin.
Though Arviragus did not initially become a Christian upon meeting Joseph of Arimathea, there is evidence that he may have later been converted to Joseph's faith as his historical counterpart Caratacus, is described as a "barbarian Christian" by Dio Cassius (Epitome of Book LXI, 33:3c [1]).

Genuissa Venessa Claudia of Rome was born about 025 in Rome. She died about 060, at age ~35, in Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex), Britain.

Aelia Paetina Lepida was born about 005 BCE. She died.

Claudia Antonia was born in 030. She died in 066, at age ~36.

Antonia (30 -66 AD) was Claudius' only child to his second marriage to Aelia Paetina. Until 37 AD, she was raised by her grandmother Antonia Minor. From then until 43 AD, she was raised by her father.

In 43 AD, in an arranged marriage she first married Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, a man of the highest birth. According to Suetonius he was murdered several years later, because he was caught in bed with his favourite boyfriend. However Cassius Dio states that Messalina (out of her fear, of Pompeius being a rival to Britannicus) ordered his execution, so that Antonia could marry Messalina's half-brotherto strengthen the Julian blood-line. His name was Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix.

Faustus Sulla and Antonia married later that year. They had a son, who lived up to his second birthday. The child was a weak one of little strength.

In 58 AD, Faustus Sulla was exiled and murdered in 62ad on Nero's orders. Antonia in 65 AD, participated in the failed revolt of Gaius Calpurnius Piso. Tacitus stated that Antonia would marry Piso, ifhe became Emperor. However Tacitus was not sure if this proposal was a rumour or fact.

After the death of Empress Poppaea Sabina, Nero asked her to marry him. When Antonia refused, Nero charged on attempt of rebellion and executed her.

With the death, she was the last living grandchild of Nero Claudius Drusus and Antonia Minor.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Antonia."

Cynon ap Caradoc was born about 074 in Siluria, Wales. He died.

St. Eurgain verch Caradoc was born about 076 in Siluria, Wales. She died.

Gladys Claudia verch Caradoc was born about 078 in Siluria, Wales. She died in 097, at age ~19, in Rome, Italy.

Aelia Paetina was born about 002 BCE in Rome, Italy. She died.

Lleuver ("King of Siluria") Mawr King of Siluria was born about 145 in Trevan, Llanilid, Glamorganshire, Wales. He died in 181, at age ~36.

Lleuver Mawr, "Lucius The Great", King of Siluria, the Greatgrandson of Caradoc. He was Baptized at Winchester by hisfather's first cousin Saint Timothy. He establishes the religionof Britain from Druidism to Christianity. 1

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And then he was followed by Cymbeline (Kynvelyn who reigned ca 18 BC-AD 12). Known to the Romans as Cunobelinus, he was the son and heir of Tenvantius. Cymbeline had received a Roman upbringing in the Imperial household, and on his succession to the British crown, he reigned for ten years. (His reign was. immortalised in Shakespeare's play, Cymbeline.) The man who succeeded him was Guiderius (Gwydr) who reigned from ca AD 12 - 43. On inheriting the crown, he promptly refused toamp; pay tribute to Rome. The emperor Claudius, on his invasion of Britain in the year AD 43, was attacked by Guiderius' forces at Portchester. During the attack, Guiderius was betrayed and killed. Arvirargus next took the crown reigning from ca AD 43-57. Taking command of the British forces on the death of his brother Guiderius, Arvira emerged as victor from a major skirmish with Claudius' troops. He eventually ruled Britain as the emperor's puppet-king. At his death, he was interred at Gloucester. Marius (Mayric) came next, and ruled from ca AD 57-97. Inheriting the crown from his father, Marius enjoyed friendly relations with Rome. During his reign, he defeated and killed Soderic, king of the Picts, in agreat battle. The present county of Westmorland was so named in Marius' honour because of the battle, and Marius accordingly had an inscribed stone set up in the county commemorating his victory.

Coilus, his son, then ruled. He had been raised and educated as a Roman. Coilus was to rule his kingdom in peace and prosperity, being succeeded by his son Lucius. Taking up the crown on his father Coilus' death, Lucius was to send to Rome for teachers of the Christian faith. He in turn passed on the crown to Geta, a son of the Roman Severus. He was elected king of the Britons by the Roman Senate.He was eventually killed by his half-brother Bassianus who reigned from ca AD 221-256. Like Geta, he was a son of Severus, but by a British noblewoman. The Britons elected Bassianus king after he hadkilled his half-brother. Carausius then took the crown. After raising a fleet of ships with the blessing of the Roman Senate, Carausius invaded Britain. He compelled the Britons to proclaim him king,and killed Bassianus in the ensuing battle. He was eventually murdered by the Roman legate, Allectus, and it was during Allectus' time that a Briton once more held the throne.

Asclepiodotus (Alyssglapitwlws) reigned from ca AD 296-306. He had held the kingdom of Cornwall when he was elected overall king by the Britons. His election to the throne an attempt by the Britons tobreak the tyranny of the Allectus. Under Allectus, Livius Gallus held the city of London. In the ensuing siege, after he had killed Allectus outside the city, Asclepiodotus promised the Romans that all the garrison would be spared if they surrendered without further resistance. This was agreed to, although the Venedoti men of Gwynedd in Wales decided to put the Romans to by beheading them all. The heads were thrown into the stream called Nantgallum in the British tongue after the name of Livius Gallus. The later Saxons, still perpetuating the Roman leader's name, knew it as Galabroc, and today this name has been further corrupted to Waibrook. As an aside, in the 1860s a large number of skulls were excavated from the bed of the Waibrook before it was built over, being the remnants no doubtof this massacre. It was during the reign of Asclepiodotus that the Diocletian Persecution began in AD 303.

Asclepiodotus was finally defeated and killed by the king whose name has been immortalised in the nursery rhyme, Coel (Old King Cole), who reigned from ca AD 306-309. Known in other histories as CoelHen Godhebog, Coel founded the city of Colchester that still bears his name (Kaercolim). His daughter, Helen, was married to Constantius, a Roman Senator, who was sent to Britain as legate. He becameking on Coel's death. He in turn was succeeded by his son Constantine (I), who ruled Britain from ca AD 312-37. He went on to become the famous emperor of Rome who legalised the Christian religion. Octavius (Eydaf) took the crown in Constantine's absence at Rome, ruling during the periods of ca AD 330-335 and 335-348. He revolted whilst Constantine was in Rome, and assumed the British crown. In AD348, he was succeeded by Maximianus (Maxen Wledic), the nephew of Coel, who held the crown by virtue of that descent. He eventually left Britain to rule in Gaul and Germany, making Caradocus (Kradawc) king of the Britons in his stead in about the year AD 362. He was later assassinated in Rome (AD 375) by one of the friends of his successor but one, Gracianus. Dionotus (unnamed in the Welsh chronicle) of the kingdom of Cornwall took the crown of Britain and ruled from ca AD 375-389. Then Gracianus reigned from ca AD 389-402. He was originally sent to Britain by Maximianus to fight off an invasion of the Picts and Huns. However, upon successfully repelling the invaders he assumed the crown and ordered the murder of Maximianus. He was later himself to suffer death at the hands of an assassin. Lleuver ("King of Siluria") Mawr King of Siluria was born about 147 in Siluria, Wales. He died in 181, at age ~36, in Gloucester, England.

Eurgen ap Meric (Marius) was born about 100 in Camulodunum (Colchester, Essex), Britain. He died.

Tiberius Claudius ("Emperor of Rome") Caesar Emperor of Rome was born on 1 August 010 BCE in Lugdunum (Lyons.) He died on 13 October 054, at age 64.

Biographical and/or anecdotal:
Claudius (Tiberius Drusus Nero Claudius Caesar) was the great uncle and stepfather of Nero. When Caligula was murdered, in 41 A.D., there remained this Claudius, his uncle, who was now 51 years of agebut who, as the butt of the family, had been excluded from the functions of the government, neglected, ill-treated, and allowed to divide his time between low company and literary studies. He was known as "Claudius, the Idiot or the Stutterer." No one had considered him a serious candidate save the shrewd Herod Agrippa II., who, having successfully schemed for the elevation of Caligula and reapeda rich reward, was silently meditating a second coup. Perhaps instead of being weak-minded, Claudius merely feigned madness in order to escape poisoning. On his father's side he was descended from Appius Claudius, a Roman decemivir in 450 B.C., whose name survives in the Appian Way. Born in Lyons (Lugdunum), 10 B.C., Claudius in 43 A.D. determined to carry out the conquest of Britain which Augustus had meditated, but decided to postpone, if not to forego. Seneca records with a sneer that Claudius "had determined to see every German, Gaul , and Briton in a toga." He sent Aulus Platius againstCaractacus, in 43 A.D., and himself soon joined his victorious army in time to see the crossing of the Thames and the fall of Colchester, Cymbeline's capital, and to receive the "submission of the eleven British kings." These successes, gained only with the hardest fighting, led him to make treaties with the British chiefs (See Wurts, pp. 155-156). After but sixteen days in the island he returnedto celebrate his triumph, leaving his generals to carry on. This was the most notable achievement of the reign of Claudius, who was also the builder of the conduit Aqua Claudius and other public works. He married four times: (1) Plautia Urgulanilla, who died on her wedding day, (2) Aelia Paetina, whom he divorced, and (3) *Valeria Messalina, aged sixteen, an exceedingly wicked woman, mother of little Octavia, had the title of Augusta conferred upon her, whom he also divorced. Then at age forty-eight, he married (4) Agrippina the Younger, his niece, who was already twice a widow, daughter of Agrippina the Elder and Germanicus. Claudius conferred the title of Augusta upon her. By her first husband, Cnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, she had a son Nero. She was also married the second time to CaiusCrispus. Her problem was to become the wife of Claudius, to get rid of his son, Britannicus, and make Nero, by adoption, heir to the Empire. The fact that she was Claudius' niece did not deter her, but gave her opportunities for fond intimacies that stirred the old ruler in no avuncular manner. She, at the age of thirty-two, while Claudius was fifty-seven, became the 4th wife of her uncle. The Senate approved, the Praetorians laughed, and Agrippina reached the throne. Claudius, to whom she gave poison and caused his death on October 13, 54 A.D. On that day her son, Nero, was proclaimed Emperor.

Claudius I (klô´dê-es)
In full Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus.
10 B.C.-A.D. 54
Emperor of Rome (A.D. 41-54) who became ruler after Caligula was murdered. He was poisoned by his wife, Agrippina, after her son Nero was named as heir.

Excerpted from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Third Edition © 1996 by Houghton Mifflin Company. Electronic version licensed from INSO Corporation; further reproduction anddistribution in accordance with the Copyright Law of the United States. All rights reserved.
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Tiberius Claudius Nero Caesar Drusus (August 1, 10 BC - October 13, 54), originally known as Tiberius Claudius Drusus Nero Germanicus, was the fourth Roman Emperor of the Julio-Claudian dynasty, ruling from January 24th 41 to his death in 54. Born in Lugdunum in Gaul (modern-day Lyon, France), to Drusus and Antonia Minor, he was the first Roman Emperor to be born outside Italy.

Claudius was considered a rather unlikely man to become emperor. He reportedly walked with a heavy limp his entire life and spoke with a stammer, and his despairing family had virtually excluded him from public office until his consulship with his nephew Caligula in 37. This infirmity may have saved him from the fate of many other Roman nobles during the purges of Tiberius and Caligula's reigns.

Claudius' scholarly works
Exclusion from public life suited his inclination towards the academic. Whilst still a boy Claudius started work on a Roman history which opened with the murder of Julius Caesar, then skipped a few years and started again at the close of the Civil Wars in forty-three volumes. He also wrote twenty volumes on Etruscan History and eight volumes on Carthaginian History. Lamentably none of these have survived.

He also proposed a reform of the Roman alphabet by adding three new letters.

Accession as emperor
After a conspiracy of officers, including Cassius Chaerea, and Senators assassinated Caligula, a group of regular soldiers "appointed" Claudius his successor, thinking that in Claudius they would havea pliant benefactor. Although Claudius had no intention of becoming Emperor, shortly after the Senate confirmed his status he embarked on several ambitious projects, one of which was the expansion ofthe Roman harbor near Ostia which would become the harbor city of Portus. Rome enjoyed military success under Claudius as well. In 47, his legions finally subdued Britannia, bringing the restive province into the Empire for the next 350 years.

Marriages
Claudius married four times. His first two marriages, to Plautia Urgulanilla and Aelia Paetina, ended in divorce. His third wife, Messalina, was put to death on his orders. His last wife was his nieceAgrippina, who was the mother of his successor, the notorious Nero.

Urgulanilla gave birth to two children: a son, Claudius Drusus, and a daughter, Claudia. According to Suetonius, Claudius Drusus had just been betrothed to Junilla, the daughter of Sejanus, when he choked to death on a pear he had thrown into the air and caught in his mouth. There was some doubt as to Claudia's parentage, and Claudius eventually repudiated her. His second marriage produced one child, a daughter named Claudia Antonia. Messalina gave birth to two children: a son, Britannicus, and a daughter, Octavia.

Claudius and the Praetorian Guard
Because he was proclaimed emperor on the initiative of the Prætorian Guard instead of the Senate ? the first emperor thus proclaimed ? Claudius's repute suffered at the hands of commentators (such asSeneca) with axes to grind. Moreover, he was the first Emperor who resorted to bribery as a means to secure army loyalty. Nevertheless, his general approbation, in contrast to that of predecessors Tiberius and Caligula, is attested by his apotheosis and the raising of the temple to Divus Claudius, on the Caelian Hill in Rome, following his death. Those who regard this homage by Agrippina as cynical should note that, cynical or not, such a move would hardly have benefited those involved, had Claudius been "hated," as some commentators (even modern commentators) characterize him. Moreover, though Claudius's divinity was annulled by Nero, it was later restored by the "good" emperor Vespasian.

Claudius was also the first emperor to be titulated "Caesar" purely as an honorific. (He had no legal claim to the name.) Caesar would thus become part of the nomenclature of every succeeding Roman emperor and would be adopted as the title of the German (Kaiser) and Russian (Czar) emperors.

The emperor Claudius was the protagonist of the books I, Claudius and Claudius the God by Robert Graves. The books are written from a first-person perspective, giving the impression of having been written by Claudius himself as his autobiography. Graves's conceit that they were translations of writings by Claudius that had been recently discovered extended even to the point for Claudius to relatethat his visit to an oracle predicted that they would be discovered "nineteen hundred year or near" later. Those books were the basis for a thirteen-part BBC series, first broadcast in the U.S. on Masterpiece Theatre in 1977, also titled I, Claudius and starring Derek Jacobi in the title role.

Source: Wikipedia.

Valeria Messalina was born in 017. She died in 048, at age ~31.

Tiberius Claudius Caesar Drusus was born in 041. He died in 055, at age ~14.

Octavia was born about 045. She died.

Owain ap Meric (Marius) was born about 100. He died.

Owain ap Meric (Marius) was born about 110 in Siluria, Wales.

Dareara was born about 075 in Siluria, Wales. She died.

Calpurnius Calpinn Alpin was born about 050 in Armorica, France. He died in Armorica, France.¹

Calpurnius Calpinn Alpin had person sources.¹